Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against biofilms formed in dental acrylic resin: a systematic review of in vitro studies.

This study aimed to answer the question formulated according to the PICO strategy: 'Which essential oils show antimicrobial activity against biofilms formed on dental acrylic resin?' composed by population (dental acrylic resin), intervention (application of essential oils), comparison (denture cleansers, antifungal drugs, chlorhexidine, and oral mouthwashes), and outcome (antibiofilm activity). In vitro experimental studies evaluating the activity of EOs on biofilm formed on acrylic resin were included. PRISMA guidelines were followed, and the search was performed in the PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, and Lilacs databases and in the gray literature using Google Scholar and ProQuest in December 2023. A manual search of the reference lists of the included primary studies was performed. Of the 1467 articles identified, 37 were selected for full-text reading and 12 were included. Twelve EOs were evaluated, of which 11 showed activity against Candida spp., 3 against Staphylococcus aureus, and 1 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The EOs of Cymbopogon citratus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cymbopogon nardus showed higher action than chlorhexidine, C. nardus higher than Listerine, C. citratus higher than nystatin, and Melaleuca alternifolia higher than fluconazole and nystatin. However, chlorhexidine was more effective than Lippia sidoides and Salvia officinalis, sodium hypochlorite was more effective than L. sidoides, nystatin was more effective than Zingiber officinale, Amphotericin B more effective than Eucalyptus globulus and M. alternifolia. In conclusion, the EOs of C. zeylanicum, C. citratus, C. nardus, and M. alternifolia showed antimicrobial activity to reduce biofilm on dental acrylic resin.

Strategies for Preventing and Treating Oral Mucosal Infections Associated with Removable Dentures: A Scoping Review.

Oral infections occur due to contact between biofilm rich in Candida albicans formed on the inner surface of complete dentures and the mucosa. This study investigated historical advances in the prevention and treatment of oral mucosal infection and identified gaps in the literature. Bibliographic research was conducted, looking at PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, where 935 articles were found. After removing duplicates and excluding articles by reading the title and abstract, 131 articles were selected for full reading and 104 articles were included. Another 38 articles were added from the gray literature. This review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The historical period described ranges from 1969 to 2023, in which, during the 21st century, in vitro and in vivo studies became more common and, from 2010 to 2023, the number of randomized controlled trials increased. Among the various approaches tested are the incorporation of antimicrobial products into prosthetic materials, the improvement of oral and denture hygiene protocols, the development of synthetic and natural products for the chemical control of microorganisms, and intervention with local or systemic antimicrobial agents. Studies report good results with brushing combined with sodium hypochlorite, and new disinfectant solutions and products incorporated into prosthetic materials are promising.

Anti-biofilm effectiveness of protocols for cleaning complete dentures in hospitalized patients: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Denture biofilm acts as a potential reservoir for respiratory pathogens, considerably increasing the risk of lung infections, specifically aspiration pneumonia, mainly 48h after hospital admission. The establishment of a straightforward, affordable, and applicable hygiene protocol in a hospital environment for the effective control of denture biofilm can be particularly useful to prevent respiratory infections or reduce the course of established lung disease. Objectives To evaluate the anti-biofilm effectiveness of denture cleaning protocols in hospitalized patients. Methodology The maxillary complete dentures (MCDs) of 340 hospitalized participants were randomly cleaned once using one of the following 17 protocols (n=20): brushing with distilled water, toothpaste, or neutral liquid soap (controls); immersion in chemical solutions (1% sodium hypochlorite, alkaline peroxide, 0.12% or 2% chlorhexidine digluconate), or microwave irradiation (650 W for 3 min) combined or not with brushing. Before and after the application of the protocols, the biofilm of the intaglio surface of the MCDs was evaluated using two methods: denture biofilm coverage area (%) and microbiological quantitative cultures on blood agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (CFU/mL). Data were subjected to the Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α=0.05). Results All 17 protocols significantly reduced the percentage area of denture biofilm and microbial and fungal load (P<0.05). The highest percentage reductions in the area of denture biofilm were observed for 1% hypochlorite solution with or without brushing and for 2% chlorhexidine solution and microwave irradiation only in association with brushing (P<0.05). The greatest reductions in microbial and fungal load were found for the groups that used solutions of 2% chlorhexidine and 1% hypochlorite and microwave irradiation, regardless of the association with brushing (P<0.05). Conclusions A single immersion for 10 min in 1% sodium hypochlorite, even in the absence of brushing, proved to be a straightforward, rapid, low-cost, and effective protocol for cleaning the dentures of hospitalized patients.

Effect of denture cleansers on color stability and surface properties of denture base material containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of different denture cleansers on color stability, surface roughness, and hardness of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) infused with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) at concentrations of 1% and 2% by weight on each. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this in vitro study, 90 disc-shaped specimens (10×10×2 mm) were divided into 3 main groups: the non-containing nanoparticle group (0wt% concentration), 1wt% concentration, and 2wt% concentration TiO2 NPs groups. Each group was further assorted into 3 subgroups (n = 10): immersed in distilled water, oxygenating tablet (Corega), and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Color change, surface roughness, and hardness values were assessed after 90 and 180 days of storage. Color changes (∆E) were measured with a spectrophotometer (VITA, Easy Shade V, Germany) and assessed using the CIE L*a*b* colorimetric system and the American National Bureau of Standards (NBS = 0.92×∆E). The surface roughness and surface hardness values were measured using a profilometer device and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. First, ANOVA-repeated measurements were performed, followed by the Tukey test. The significance level in this study was considered 0.05. RESULTS: At all concentrations, there were significant differences in the mean color changes of samples immersed in cleansers compared to distilled water (p < 0.01). Moreover, hypochlorite caused a significant increase compared to Corega at 0wt% concentration after 90 days and at 1wt% concentration after 90 and 180 days. Evaluations also showed that the mean NBS values in all cleanser groups were in the range of appreciable change, except the water group. In addition, only hypochlorite changed the color higher than the clinically acceptable range (∆E >3.7). The mean roughness of samples immersed in hypochlorite at 0wt% concentration was significantly higher than the samples containing TiO2 NPs (p = 0.006). No significant difference was observed in surface roughness of samples containing different concentrations of TiO2 NPs immersed in different cleansers; however, hypochlorite increased the surface roughness of samples without TiO2 NPs compared to samples containing TiO2 NPs after 180 days. The immersion time in cleansers had a significant influence on the surface roughness and hardness while having no effect on the color. CONCLUSION: In general, the cleansers had a significant effect on color change in all groups compared to distilled water. The adverse effect of hypochlorite was more than Corega. The cleansers in the samples containing TiO2 NPs did not make a significant difference in surface roughness in comparison with the distilled water groups. Surface hardness of the samples was not affected in a steady pattern by the cleansers.

Effects of two novel denture cleansers on multispecies microbial biofilms, stain removal and the denture surface: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: The continuously increasing demand for removable denture appliances and the importance of adequate denture cleaning have led to the development of various denture cleansing products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two novel denture cleansing agents (GE and TM) and three commonly available cleansers (0.5% sodium hypochlorite; NaClO, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate; CHX, and Polident®; POL) on multispecies microbial biofilm formation, stain removal and physical properties of dentures. METHODS: The antimicrobial activities of denture cleansing agents were determined against major oral opportunistic pathogens including Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, using time-kill assays. Multispecies microbial biofilms grown on acrylic resins for 72 h were generated to determine the antibiofilm effects of cleansing agents by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Evaluations of the tea and coffee stain removal properties and the alterations in the physical properties of dentures were also performed. The toxicity of cleanser residues released from denture acrylics to fibroblast cells was investigated using MTT assay. RESULTS: All denture cleansing agents tested could effectively kill oral bacteria and Candida albicans. Furthermore, after immersion for more than 3 h, the cleansers Polident®, GE and TM could efficiently penetrate and inhibit multispecies denture biofilms with effects similar to 10 min of immersion in 0.5% NaClO. However, immersion in 0.12% CHX for 20 min showed less antibiofilm activity. The NaClO solution had the highest efficacy for removing stains from the artificial teeth. Conversely, the CHX solution enhanced tea and coffee staining, and the teeth immersed in this solution showed clinically unacceptable colour changes (ΔE > 5.5). However, the colour differences of teeth stained and immersed in POL, GE and TM cleansers were in the clinically acceptable range. There was no significant difference among the POL, GE and TM cleansers in terms of stain removal efficacy. The cleansers GE and TM did not alter the surface roughness and colour of the materials, moreover the residues of both cleansers did not exhibit cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Two novel denture cleansing agents containing natural products, GE and TM exhibited effective antimicrobial activity, antibiofilm and stain removal capabilities without toxicity or disturbance of the physical properties of acrylics.

Impact of different chemical denture cleansers on the properties of digitally fabricated denture base resin materials.

PURPOSE: To compare the impact of three different chemical denture cleansers (CDCs) (Corega, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide) on the surface roughness, microhardness, and color stability of 3D-printed, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milled, and heat-polymerized denture base material (DBM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 420 disc-shaped specimens (10 ± 0.1 × 2 ±0.1 mm) were fabricated using three different construction techniques: three-dimensional (3D) printing (n = 140), CAD-CAM milling (n = 140), and heat-polymerization (n = 140). Sixty specimens (20 of each DBM) were used for baseline (pre-immersion) measurements (T1 ) for the tested surface properties (hardness [n = 10/material] and roughness [n = 10/material]). The remaining 360 specimens (n = 120/material) were investigated for surface roughness, microhardness, and color change after immersion for 1 year (T2 ) in distilled water or CDCs (n = 30/solution and n = 10/test). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey's test at a significance level of less than 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in the effects of the tested CDCs on the surface roughness, micro-hardness, and color stability of varying DBM specimens (p < 0.05). Corega showed the highest surface roughness and color change in all DBMs while H2 O2 resulted in the lowest microhardness for all DBMs. The lowest changes in all tested properties were seen with distilled water followed by chlorhexidine. A significant effect of type of cleanser, denture base material, and the interaction between the two was seen on all measured properties (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The tested CDCs significantly affected the surface properties of all DBMs but at varying degrees. Corega produced the highest negative effect on roughness and color change while H2 O2 dramatically affected the microhardness. Prolonged use of CDCs should be cautiously followed.

Antifungal effects of eugenol on Candida albicans adherence to denture polymers.

Background: The study's objective is to assess the adherence of C. albicans in different types of denture polymers and the effectiveness of eugenol and commercialized denture cleansers in the removal of C. albicans. Three types of denture base polymers (Lucitone® 199 (High-Impact PMMA), Impact® (conventional PMMA) and Eclipse® (UDMA)) and two hard denture reline materials (Kooliner® and Tokuyama® Rebase II Fast) were used in this study. Methods: Three hundred samples were prepared (6 × 2 mm disc shape) and divided into five groups of denture polymers (n = 60) and further subjected into five treatment groups (Polident®, Steradent, distilled water, eugenol 5-minutes, and eugenol 10-min). Three samples were extracted from each treatment group for baseline data (n = 12). Baseline data were used to calculate the initial number of C. albicans adherence. A 0.5 ml immersion solution from each specimen was cultured on YPD agar and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. Visible colonies were counted using a colony counter machine (ROCKER Galaxy 230). Results: The result showed that the denture base polymer significantly affected the initial adherence (p = 0.007). The removal of C. albicans was also considerably affected by the denture base polymers and denture cleansers (p < 0.05). Lucitone®, Tokuyama®, and Kooliner® denture base polymers immersed for 3 min in eugenol showed the best results of removal. Discussion: This study's overall results showed that all denture polymers used as denture bases had an effect on C. albicans initial adherence and removal from the denture base, and eugenol is comparable to commercialised denture cleansers in reducing the number of attached C. albicans on denture base polymers.

A randomized trial of the effectiveness of an ultrasonic denture hygiene intervention program among community dwelling elders.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of ultrasonic denture hygiene interventions in improving denture cleanliness among elderly individuals. Materials and methods: Sixty-six participants who had received upper metal framework removable partial dentures within the past 5 years were randomly allocated into three denture hygiene intervention groups: group 1 (mechanical cleaning with a toothbrush and ultrasonic cleaning with cetylpyridinium chloride), group 2 (mechanical cleaning with a toothbrush and ultrasonic cleaning with distilled water), and control (mechanical cleaning with a toothbrush only). Denture cleanliness was assessed at baseline and 1-month using: i) Denture Cleanliness Index (DCI) scores; ii) plaque coverage percentage; and (iii) microbiological samples for bacterial and yeast detection. Differences between groups were assessed with one-way analysis of variance and Chi-squared tests. Results: Mean DCI scores and mean percentages of plaque coverage area were significantly reduced in group 1 and group 2, compared to the control group for both cobalt chromium (CoCr) and acrylic fitting surfaces (p<0.001). No significant differences were found between groups 1 and 2 with regard to the prevalence and viable counts of yeasts or total microbial viable counts. No significant differences in the investigated clinical and microbiological parameters were observed between CoCr and acrylic surfaces following the intervention period. Conclusion: The ultrasonic cleaner was significantly more effective than mechanical cleaning in the reduction of biofilm coverage on metal framework removable partial dentures over a 1-month intervention period. Nevertheless, the adjunctive use of cetylpyridinium chloride with ultrasonic cleaning did not yield additional benefits.

Effect of denture cleansers on color stability and surface roughness of denture bases fabricated from three different techniques: Conventional heat-polymerizing, CAD/CAM additive, and CAD/CAM subtractive manufacturing.

PURPOSE: Denture base materials are commonly exposed to different denture cleansers which can affect their essential properties. This study aimed to assess the effect of denture cleansers on color stability and surface roughness of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture bases fabricated from different techniques: Conventional heat-polymerizing, CAD/CAM additive and CAD/CAM subtractive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this in vitro study, 24 disc-shaped specimens were fabricated by the mentioned methods for each group. The initial color and surface roughness of specimens were recorded. The specimens were randomly divided into three subgroups (n = 8): a control subgroup (distilled water), and two experimental subgroups of bioactive oxygen tablet (Corega) and 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. Then they were immersed in the solutions simulating 180 days of clinical use. Color change (∆E) was measured by a spectrophotometer according to the CIE L*a*b* color space and the American National Bureau of Standards (NBS = 0.92 × ∆E). Final surface roughness was recorded by a profilometer and its change was calculated. The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for statistical analyses (α = .05). RESULTS: The conventional and CAD/CAM subtractive groups showed an increase in surface roughness following immersion in hypochlorite solution (p < .05). After immersion in the solutions, the highest surface roughness was noted in the conventional group, and the lowest in the CAD/CAM additive group. The CAD/CAM additive group experienced a significant color change in hypochlorite solution (p < .05) and showed the highest color change while the CAD/CAM subtractive group showed the lowest color change in all denture cleanser solutions. CONCLUSION: Although the CAD/CAM additive denture base resins had the lowest surface roughness after exposure to denture cleanser solutions, they showed significant color change, which should be taken into account. Using hypochlorite as a denture cleanser should be cautioned due to its negative effects on the surface roughness and color stability of denture base materials.

Effect of Denture Disinfectants on the Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed Denture Base Materials.

Denture care and maintenance are necessary for both denture longevity and underlying tissue health. However, the effects of disinfectants on the strength of 3D-printed denture base resins are unclear. Herein, distilled water (DW), effervescent tablet, and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) immersion solutions were used to investigate the flexural properties and hardness of two 3D-printed resins (NextDent and FormLabs) compared with a heat-polymerized resin. The flexural strength and elastic modulus were investigated using the three-point bending test and Vickers hardness test before (baseline) immersion and 180 days after immersion. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05), and further verified by using electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The flexural strength of all the materials decreased after solution immersion (p < 0.001). The effervescent tablet and NaOCl immersion reduced the flexural strength (p < 0.001), with the lowest values recorded with the NaOCl immersion. The elastic modulus did not significantly differ between the baseline and after the DW immersion (p > 0.05), but significantly decreased after the effervescent tablet and NaOCl immersion (p < 0.001). The hardness significantly decreased after immersion in all the solutions (p < 0.001). The immersion of the heat-polymerized and 3D-printed resins in the DW and disinfectant solutions decreased the flexural properties and hardness.

Efficacy of Denture Cleansers on Microbial Adherence and Surface Topography of Conventional and CAD/CAM-Processed Denture Base Resins.

This study assessed the efficacy of five denture cleansers on the microbial adherence and surface topography of conventional and CAD/CAM denture base resins. Acrylic resin discs were fabricated using conventional, milling, and 3D printing methods (N = 180). The discs were contaminated with dual species of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans biofilm for 72 h and then disinfected with either of the denture cleansers (Fittydent cleansing tablets, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 1% sodium hypochlorite (n = 10). Distilled water served as the control group. The colony-forming units of the microorganisms were calculated, followed by post-treatment surface roughness. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, paired t-test, and post hoc Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). Among the denture cleansers, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 1% sodium hypochlorite had the best cleansing effect on the resin discs and demonstrated zero growth of colonies for both the species. Comparing the material groups, the 3D-processed discs showed higher colony-forming units followed by the conventional and CAD/CAM milled group. The highest surface roughness was demonstrated by the 3D-printed discs (0.690 ± 0.08 µm), followed by the conventional (0.493 ± 0.11 µm) and the milled groups (0.301 ± 0.08 µm). The tested chemical denture cleansers affected the Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans adhesion compared to control discs immersed in distilled water. The clinician may recommend to their patient to use 2% chlorhexidine gluconate for the disinfection of CAD/CAM PMMA denture base materials.

Action of chitosan-based solutions against a model four-species biofilm formed on cobalt-chromium and acrylic resin surfaces.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-biofilm action of chitosan, nanoparticulate chitosan, and denture cleanser Nitradine™ against biofilms comprising Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. BACKGROUND: Biofilm removal from removable partial dentures (RPD) is important for success in prosthetic rehabilitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-biofilm action of the experimental chitosan-based solutions and Nitradine™ was evaluated on acrylic resin and cobalt-chromium alloy through assessing cell viability, cell metabolism, residual aggregated biofilm, and extracellular polymeric substance and biofilm morphology. RESULTS: Only chitosan reduced the viability of C. albicans on cobalt-chromium alloy surface, by 98% (a 1.7 log10 reduction in cfu). Chitosan-based solutions neither promoted substantial alteration of the metabolic activity of the four-species biofilm nor reduced the amount of the aggregated biofilm. After immersion in chitosan and nanoparticulate chitosan, viable microorganisms and extracellular polymeric substances distributed over the entire specimens' surfaces were observed. Nitradine™ reduced the viability and metabolic activity of biofilm grown on both surfaces, but it did not remove all aggregated biofilm and extracellular polymeric substances. After immersion in Nitradine™, approximately 35% of the specimens' surfaces remained covered by aggregated biofilm, mainly composed of dead cells. CONCLUSION: Although chitosan and Nitradine™ promoted changes in the viability of microorganisms, neither solution completely removed the four-species biofilm from the Co-Cr and acrylic resin surfaces. Thus, isolated use of hygiene solutions is not indicated for biofilm control on RPDs; this requires complementary mechanical removal.

Do denture cleansers influence the surface roughness and adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida albicans on acrylic resin? Systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of denture cleansers on the surface roughness, Candida albicans adhesion, and biofilm formation on denture base acrylic resins. STUDY SELECTION: Electronic databases and gray literature were searched using an individual search strategy. In vitro studies that evaluated the effects of immersion in denture cleansers on the surface roughness (µm) and antimicrobial activity (CFU/mL) on samples of heat-polymerized denture base acrylic resins were included. RESULTS: After screening, 17 studies were included, and a qualitative synthesis was performed. After assessing the risk of bias, only nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results showed that the evaluated solutions (0.5% sodium hypochlorite, 1% sodium hypochlorite, alkaline peroxide, and natural substances) did not influence the roughness of the acrylic resin. However, in the qualitative analysis, it was not possible to confirm an association between roughness and C. albicans adhesion and biofilm formation on the acrylic resin samples. CONCLUSION: Denture cleansers did not affect the surface roughness of denture base acrylic resins.

Effectiveness of disinfectant solutions associated or not with brushing on the biofilm control of a 3D printed-denture base resin

Abstract The formation of biofilm on denture bases is a recurrent clinical problem that favors the development of denture stomatitis. The effectiveness of a hygiene protocol in a 3D-printed denture base resin is still uncertain. Objective To evaluate of the effectiveness of immersion, associated or not with brushing in a soap solution, on the biofilm control of a 3D-printed denture base resin. Methodology Specimens of denture base resins [Cosmos Denture (COS) and Classico (CLA/control)] were contaminated in vitro with Candida albicans and immersed in sodium hypochlorite 0.25% (SH, alkaline peroxide) AP, chlorhexidine digluconate 2% (CD or PBS-Control), associated or not with brushing with 0.78% Lifebuoy soap. Roughness was evaluated before and after brushing and immersion. The effectiveness of the protocols was assessed by CFU/mL, cellular metabolism (XTT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Data were analyzed by T student, ANOVA/Welch, and Tukey/Gomes-Howell pos-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results CLA showed greater roughness than COS. CFU/mL and XTT were higher in COS resin with a higher hyphae formation. Immersion in SH and CD eliminated CFU/mL and reduced XTT for both resins, associated or not with brushing. AP reduced CFU/mL only when associated with brushing. Conclusions The biofilm on the 3D-printed resin was thicker and presumably more pathogenic, regardless of its smoother surface. Immersions in SH 0.25% and CD 2% are effective hygiene protocols for both resins, associated or not with brushing. AP should be recommended when associated with brushing with a Lifebuoy 0.78% solution.

Influence of Three Different Denture Cleansers on Surface Roughness and Strength of Heat-polymerizing Resin: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the impact of three different denture cleansers on the strength and surface roughness of heat-polymerizing resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 resin discs (10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick) were created using a stainless steel mold for surface roughness testing and flexural strength testing (in accordance with the American Dental Association (ADA) Specification No.12). Samples were divided into one of three groups (40 samples in each group): group I: Clanden, group II: Clinsodent, group III: Fittydent. Samples were immersed in denture-cleansing solutions for 30 minutes every day, and this process was repeated over a period of 15 days. Samples were stored in distilled water at room temperature in between the immersions. A surface analyzer was utilized to compare the surface roughness of each sample before and after immersion treatments. For recording flexural strength, each sample was subjected to three-point bending test by mounting samples on Universal testing machine. Comparing mean values between groups using one-way ANOVA and the Tukeys honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc test. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all statistical calculations Results: After 15 days, the maximum change of mean surface roughness of heat-polymerizing resin was found in Clanden denture cleanser group (2.64 ± 0.12) followed by Clinsodent group (2.26 ± 0.09) and Fittydent group (1.92 ± 0.06). After 15 days, the maximum change of mean flexural strength changes of heat-polymerizing resin was found in Clanden denture cleanser group (94.78 ± 0.14), followed by Fittydent group (98.64 ± 0.03) and Clinsodent group (99.26 ± 0.21). CONCLUSION: Within the limitation, the current study concluded that changes were observed in surface roughness and flexural strength of all heat-polymerizing resin samples after immersion in all three denture cleansers; but least surface roughness and flexural strength changes were observed with the Fittydent cleanser group and Clinsodent group, respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Cleaning dentures is crucial for maintaining both the prosthesis and oral health; therefore, it is necessary to select a cleanser that is effective without negatively affecting the base resin's qualities over time.

Effect of Ozonated Water on the Color Stability of Denture Teeth and Heat Polymerized Acrylic Base Resin

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of ozonated water on the color stability of denture tooth and denture bases. Material and Methods: Thirty denture base discs consisting of 15 Acropars and 15 ProBase Hot specimens with the dimensions of 40 × 5 mm were prepared. Fifteen denture teeth in shade A1 (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) were mounted in a specific acrylic jig. All specimens were immersed in three solutions (1% sodium hypochlorite, ozonated water, and distilled water) for four months (one year of clinical use). Color measurements were done with a spectrophotometer and assessed using the CIE L*a*b* colorimetric system (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks). Data were analyzed using the three-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α=0.05). Results: Tukey's post hoc test revealed a significant change in color in the Acropars denture base for the distilled water group compared to the ozonated water and 1% hypochlorite (p<0.05). Regarding the ProBase Hot denture base, significantly less color change was observed in the 1% hypochlorite group compared to the ozonated water and distilled water (p≤0.001). For the denture teeth, significantly less color change was seen in the distilled water group than in the ozonated water (p=0.015) and 1% hypochlorite (p<0.05) groups. Conclusion: The color change of denture bases and denture tooth in ozonated water are acceptable. Ozonated water can be considered a good disinfectant for cleaning dentures.

Effect of Denture Cleanser on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Injection-Molded Thermoplastic Polyamides Denture Base Material: A preliminary Study.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the color stability, surface roughness, and flexural properties of the injection-molded thermoplastic polyamide Vertex ThermoSens denture base resin following a 3-minute immersion in Polident 3-minute denture cleanser. Methods: Sixty specimens (Vertex ThermoSens) were processed and divided into two main groups (n = 30) based on the type of test. Group 1 was further subdivided into two subgroups (n = 15): the control group immersed in distilled water (G1DW) and the test group immersed in Polident cleanser solution (G1PD). Group 2 was divided into three subgroups: a non-immersed group (G2None), a group immersed in distilled water (G2DW), and a group immersed in Polident cleanser solution (G2PD). Color change (∆E) and surface roughness measurements were conducted for group 1, and flexural modulus (E) test was performed for group 2. The CIE Lab* formula was utilized to calculate ∆E. An optical 3D surface analyzer and a three-point bending test were employed for surface roughness and E assessments, respectively. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using a paired-sample t-test for differences within each group before and after immersion. Furthermore, independent-sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA were conducted to analyze differences between groups. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered. Results: The results revealed a slight, statistically insignificant (P > 0.05) ∆E in all color components (L*, a*, b*) after immersion in distilled water. However, after immersion in the denture cleanser, only the L* component exhibited a statistically significant ∆E (P = 0.002), which was slight in magnitude. Additionally, a significant difference was found in the ∆E between G1DW and G1PD, with G1PD showing a higher change (P = 0.007). A significant increase in surface roughness after immersion was observed in G1PD (P = 0.017), with a notable difference between G1DW and G1PD. However, the E remained unaffected (P = 0.537). Conclusion: Denture cleansers have the potential to modify the properties of thermoplastic polyamide resin. Further research is needed to explore the clinical implications of these observed changes on denture performance.

Comparative evaluation of efficacy of three different denture cleansing methods in reducing Candida albicans count in removable partial denture wearers: A randomized controlled trial.

Aims: The study aims to find out the best possible method of cleaning the removable partial denture (RPD) by evaluating the Candida count limiting ability in RPD users using three different cleaning methods. Settings and Design: The present study is randomized controlled trial. Three groups were formed with 20 participants in each. The groups were Group 1 RPD cleansing done using sterile saline and denture brush (negative control group), Group 2 RPD cleansing done using soap and denture brush and Group 3 RPD cleansing done using denture cleansing tablet and denture brush. Materials and Methods: A baseline data and 15 days' postinsertion data of Candida count was recorded using swab collection, from the RPDs given. The swab was collected, cultured, and incubated using standard methods. Once Candida was identified using Sabouraud's dextrose agar, Candida albicans was further confirmed using germ tube test and cornmeal agar. Statistical Analysis Used: The analysis was done using SPSS software (IBM Corp. Released 2010. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Paired t-test, was used to compare the number of colonies pre and postintervention. The difference between the groups was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc analysis. Results: The comparison of baseline data and postintervention data within each group using paired t test demonstrated statistically significant values; P = 0.046 and 0.000 in Group 2 and 3 respectively. The difference between the Candida colonies in three different groups after the intervention (15 Days) was analyzed using analysis of variance and found to be statistically significant with P = 0.004. Tukey's post hoc analysis was used to analyze the difference between the groups. It was concurred that there was a statistically significant difference between all three groups, but the difference in the mean was highest between the Group 1 and 3 (1210.99). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it is concluded that the use of denture cleansers and brush on a daily basis would actively reduce the number of C. albicans colony formation in RPD and thereby improve the overall health of denture wearer.

Effectiveness of denture cleansers on flexible denture base resins in the removal of stains colored by food colorant solution: An in vitro study.

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the efficiency of three denture cleansers (Valclean, Polident and Clinsodent) in removal of turmeric stains from flexible denture base resins. Settings and Design: In vitro - comparative study. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 specimens of flexible denture base resins were fabricated and subjected to baseline colour measurements using spectrophotometer. Specimens were stained with turmeric and colour measurements of stained specimens were made. All the stained specimens were divided into three groups (n = 15) for removal of stains with three denture cleansers: Valclean, Polident, Clinsodent and colour measurements of cleansed specimens were made. The colour measurements (ΔE) values obtained were collected and statistical analysis was done. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Tukey's post hoc test. Results: One way ANOVA test revealed that the mean colour difference of three groups were statistically different with P value < 0.001. A further Tukey post hoc test revealed that the Valclean group had lesser mean scores than Polident and Clinsodent group. Conclusion: It was concluded that Valclean showed statistically significant greater stain removal efficiency than Polident followed by Clinsodent.

Removal effect of Candida albicans biofilms from the PMMA resin surface by using a manganese oxide nanozyme-doped diatom microbubbler.

To prevent oral candidiasis, removal of the Candida biofilms from dentures is important. However, common denture cleaners are insufficiently effective in removing biofilms. A manganese oxide (MnO2) nanozyme-doped diatom microbubbler (DM) can generate oxygen gas microbubbles by a catalase-mimicking activity in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). DM can invade and destroy biofilms with the driving force of continuously generated microbubbles. In this study, the Candida biofilm removal efficiency by co-treatment of DM and H2O2 was investigated. Diatom particles were reacted with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane to prepare amine-substituted diatom particles. These particles were reacted with potassium permanganate to fabricate DMs. The morphology and components of DM were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Four types of denture base resin specimens on which biofilms of Candida albicans were formed were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group), Polident 5-Minute (Polident group), 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX group), 3% H2O2 (H2O2 group), and co-treatment of 3 mg/mL of DM and 3% H2O2 (DM group). The biofilm removal effect of each group was quantitatively analyzed by crystal violet assay, and the results were visually confirmed by SEM images. After each treatment, the remaining C. albicans were stained with Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide, and observed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to evaluate the viability. MnO2 nanozyme sheets were successfully doped on the surface of the fabricated DM. Although biofilms were not effectively removed in the Polident and CHX groups, CLSM images showed that CHX was able to effectively kill C. albicans in the biofilms on all resin specimen types. According to the crystal violet analysis, the H2O2 groups removed the biofilms on heat-activated and 3D-printed resins (P < .01), but could not remove the biofilms on autopolymerizing and milled resins significantly (P = .1161 and P = .1401, respectively). The DM groups significantly removed C. albicans from all resin specimen types (P < .01).